The paradigm shift in the management of cardiogenic shock: moving from pure mechanical left ventricular unloading to neurohumoral and anti- inflammatory blockade with or without left ventricular mechanical assistance (red arrow). CI, confidence interval; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LV, left ventricular; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; mAFP, microaxial flow pump; NO, nitric oxide; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

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